Alexander Jurkevich, Associate Director of Molecular Cytology core, University of Missouri, Columbia-MO for his help in preparation and validation of confocal images. Footnotes Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.. peroxisome PGC-1 and increases oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic cell death. We show that incubation with GMF SR-13668 reduces the expression of PGC-1 with concomitant decreases in the mitochondrial complexes. Besides, there is increased oxidative stress and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in these cells. Further, GMF reduces tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and shifts Bax/Bcl-2 expression resulting in release of cytochrome-c, and increased activations of effector caspases expressions. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed alteration in the mitochondrial architecture. Our results show that GMF acts as an important upstream regulator of PGC-1 in promoting dopaminergic neuronal death through its effect on oxidative stress mediated apoptosis. Our current data suggest that GMF is usually a critical risk factor for PD and suggest that it could be explored as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit PD progression. as described earlier [21]. Rat Dopaminergic Neuronal (N27) cell Culture Rat mesencephalic dopaminergic N27 cells were produced in RPMI-1640 (GIBCO, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 1% L-glutamine, penicillin (10 U/ml) and streptomycin (10 U/ml; GIBCO). The cells were seeded at a density of 0.5106 in a 75-cm2 tissue culture flask (Corning, New York, NY) and incubated at 37C under saturating humidity in 5% CO2/95% air [33,34]. The doubling time of N27 cells was ~26 h. Incubation of N27 cells with GMF and MPP+ N27 cells were produced as mentioned above to confluency. Cells were incubated for up to 24 h with 300 M of MPP+ (dissolved in Dulbeccos phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), Life technologies), an active metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) [35] or were stimulated with different concentrations of GMF (50, 100 SR-13668 and 200 ng/ml). Post SR-13668 GMF/MPP+ treatment, cells were trypsinized and collected for glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ROS assays. Cell lysates were prepared for Western blotting and apoptotic markers expression analysis. Protein concentration of the cell lysates was decided using the bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) as per the manufacturers instructions. MTT Reduction assay of neuronal viability The cell viability 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed with slight modifications of the methods as previously described [36C38]. The viable cells with active mitochondria reduce the colorless tetrazolium salt MTT, producing solid blue water insoluble formazan crystals. MTT was dissolved at a concentration of 5 mg/ml in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to perform cell viability assay. Exactly 2 h prior to the end of the experiment, the MTT answer (50 l per well) was added to 24-well plates and the plates were returned to the incubator. Following the 2 h incubation period, the medium was decanted and the formazan precipitates were solubilized with acid isopropanol (0.04 C 0.1 N HCl in absolute isopropanol). The absorbance was measured on a microplate reader (Molecular Devices; Sunnyvale, Oaz1 CA) at a wavelength of 570 nm with background subtraction at 630 nm. The absorbance of the untreated cultures was set as 100%. LDH Release Assay of Neuronal Cytotoxicity The amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the culture medium upon cell lysis was SR-13668 measured by the conversion of a tetrazolium salt into red formazan product according to manufacturers instructions (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI.; LDH kit No: 601170). The absorbance, proportional to the lysed cells was measured at 490 nm. The amount of LDH released by the cells in the presence of 1 % Triton X-100 was considered as maximal absorbance [38,39]. Oxidative Stress Markers: Determination of Oxidants, Antioxidants and Reactive Air Varieties (ROS) SR-13668 N27 cells (1106 cells/flask in 8 ml moderate) had been seeded inside a six well cells tradition plate (1105cells/ml), accompanied by incubation with GMF and/MPP+. Following the incubation period, the cells had been collected and.
