55% identity to the transporters REQ_15920, RHA1_ro01594, and ROP_12890 of 103S, RHA1, and B4, respectively. Putative MFS MDR transporters will also be found in the rhodococcal plasmids sequenced so far; Etodolac (AY-24236) two in the linear plasmid pREL1 (272 kb) of PR4, and several in the linear plasmids of RHA1, namely two in pRHL1 (330 kb), six in pRHL2 (440 kb), and one in pRHL3 (1.1 Mb). Specific efflux pumps also occur in the rhodococci genomes, having a substrate specificity mainly devoted to the transport of heavy-metal ions, Etodolac (AY-24236) such as arsenite and cadmium, a definite reflection of the environmental niches that these species inhabit (Table ?(Table3).3). use of transport systems Etodolac (AY-24236) by strains and genomic studies that corroborate their living are offered and discussed. The recently released total genomes of several strains will be the basis for an correlation analysis between the efflux pumps present in the genome and their part on active transport of substrates. These transport systems will become placed on an integrative perspective of the impact of this important genus on biotechnology and health, ranging from bioremediation to antibiotic and biocide resistance. genus and its taxonomy The genus comprises aerobic, Gram-positive and non-motile bacterial cells comprising mycolic acids. The complex phylogenetic structure of this genus and the difficulty in identifying the different varieties are emphasized by its long taxonomic history. The name was initially proposed by Zopf (1891) for two red bacteria explained by Overbeck as and (Overbeck, 1891; Zopf, 1891). Even though genus was identified in the editions of 1923C1934 of to which six varieties previously assigned to the genus were added. In 1977, a more comprehensive numerical taxonomic study provided a better description of the genus and identified nine varieties including (Goodfellow and Alderson, 1977). Thirty varieties were outlined in the genus in the 2nd release of (Jones and Goodfellow, 2012). Based on polyphasic taxonomic data that have been published, members of the genus are placed in the mycolic-acid-forming sub-order The most important characteristics for bacterial cells to be placed in this genus are the following: (i) cell walls containing peptidoglycan consisting of only species are very interesting because of their metabolic plasticity. Their oxidative rate of metabolism is capable of using several organic compounds as only carbon and energy sources that fostered several industrial and bioremediation applications (Warhurst and Fewson, 1994; Bell et al., 1998; Oldfield et al., 1998; de Carvalho and da Fonseca, 2005a; Larkin et al., 2005). Probably the most successful industrial software of spp. is probably the production of acrylamide from the Nitto Chemical Market, Co. in Japan (Hughes et al., 1998; Raj et al., 2008; Tao et al., 2009). strains are able to degrade and/or convert highly recalcitrant compounds including aliphatic-, monoaromatic-, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, as well as heterocyclic aromatic compounds Etodolac (AY-24236) making them appropriate in biocatalytic and bioremediation processes (de Carvalho et al., 2007; Pieper and Seeger, 2008; Martnkov et al., 2009; Rabbit Polyclonal to IL18R Tyagi et al., 2011). They are also potentially pathogenic with some strains causing infections in immunosuppressed individuals (Topino et al., 2010; Savini et al., 2012) and in horses (Meijer and Prescott, 2004; Muscatello et al., 2007). Curiously, a gene cluster involved in cholesterol catabolism in RHA1 was found to be conserved in related pathogenic actinomycetes, including (vehicle der Etodolac (AY-24236) Geize et al., 2007; Yam et al., 2011). In fact, genomic analyses have shown that spp. may be useful models for mycobacterial studies: 60% of the genes of strain H37Rv are conserved in RHA1 (McLeod et al., 2006; vehicle der Geize et al., 2007). The biotechnological advantages of the genus Rhodococci are able to degrade a wide range of hydrophobic natural compounds and xenobiotics such as short-chain, long-chain, and halogenated hydrocarbons, and aromatic compounds, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzothiophenes (DBTs) (Larkin et al., 2005; de Carvalho and da Fonseca, 2005b). Their well-established cellular resistance and metabolic ability for the degradation of all these compounds are related to their genomic properties, with an uncommon presence of multiple homologs of enzymes participating in major catabolic pathways and also a remarkable capacity for acquiring large linear plasmids (vehicle der Geize and Dijkhuizen, 2004; Larkin et al., 2005). The ability of rhodococci to degrade substituted hydrocarbons and additional chemicals has been used to promote the bioremediation of such.
